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The Great Black Prince
Edward’s Early Leadership
Edward, the Black Prince, was the eldest son of King Edward III of England. From a young age, he showed courage and...
Acts of Chivalry in Battle
Sir Eustace Ribeaumont’s Courage
During the battles of the Hundred Years’ War, knights often showed both bravery and honor. One fine example is Sir Eustace...
English Return to Bordeaux
Careful Journey with Prisoners
After the Battle of Poitiers, the English army had many prisoners and a lot of loot. They could not ride quickly...
Medieval Chronicles and Their Limits
A very large number of chronicles were written during the Middle Ages. Most of them were created in monasteries by monks who spent long...
The Rise of Representation
Those who have the power to give money, or to refuse it, will sooner or later begin to ask an important question: why are...
Rise of Municipal Freedom
In early European history, many towns and cities began to gain a degree of independence. Although the people still accepted the authority of their...
A Marble Capital from the Red Court in Pergamum
The marble capital from the Church of St John the Theologian, located in the Red Court of Pergamum, is an important reminder of the...
The Decline of Ancient Pergamum
Pergamum remained a prosperous and important city for many centuries. Its wealth, culture, and religious importance continued well into the early medieval period. However,...
Pergamum under Eumenes II
During the reign of Eumenes II, from 197 to 159 BCE, Pergamum reached the height of its power. After helping Rome defeat the Seleucid...
The End of Exile and the Journey Home
According to Christian tradition, St John’s exile on the island of Patmos ended after the death of the Roman emperor Domitian. Domitian, who ruled...
